Look out L.A. and New York: the migration wave lead by Gen Z and city dwellers is real

Across the nation major central business districts in cities like Los Angeles, Chicago, and Seattle remain eerily empty as employers continue to keep staff working remotely. Heading into the holidays, only 1 in 10 office workers had made their way back into Manhattan.

But is the disruption caused by the pandemic—and the work from home boom—actually convincing Americans to pack their bags and move?

To find out, Fortune and SurveyMonkey polled 2,098 U.S. adults in November.* This poll, which has a modeled error estimate of +/-3%, is an even deeper study than our August look at migration. 

The finding? Millions of Americans moved as a result of the pandemic—and millions more plan to do so. Among U.S. adults, 16% say they have either moved out of their city/county during the pandemic (6%) or plan to move in the next 12 months (12%). Around 2% of Americans who moved during the pandemic plan to do so again in 2021. Typically only 3.7% of Americans move across county lines in a given year. If this forecast comes to fruition, it’d mark the biggest year of migration in decades.

The pandemic, in many ways, has disproven the notion that companies can only function and innovate in an office setting. So it shouldn’t be surprising that cities and urban areas—the long-time bedrocks of Corporate America—are losing the most residents: While 4% of rural Americans and 7% of suburban Americans say they plan to move out of their city or county in the next 12 months, that figure is 9% among U.S. adults living in urban areas.

But just because someone is leaving one city doesn’t mean they’re leaving cites altogether. They could be fleeing high-cost San Jose for Denver or Austin, for example.

Not all of these pandemic moves can be chalked up to WFH. Look no further than Jamil Dawson, who lived in Calera, Alabama pre-pandemic. During COVID he watched as friends and community members saw their long-time jobs disappear overnight. That was a wake-up call for Dawson, who was reminded that opportunities and jobs are fleeting. That motivated the 40-year-old in the summer of 2020 to accept a promotion to executive director at a health clinic, which moved his family three hours from their home in Alabama to Starkville, Mississippi.

“We can make plans and get comfortable in a job, and say ‘I can move forward in five years.’ But you might not have five years. COVID made that crystal clear,” Dawson told Fortune.

During the pandemic, Gen Zers (9%) and millennials (7%) have moved at much higher rates than Gen Xers (3%) and baby boomers (3%). For Gen Z, an age cohort that is somewhere between college and early career, some are moving home with mom and dad while school is remote. Other Gen Zers and young millennials are saving a buck by not renewing their big-city apartment leases and crashing with family or friends until things are back to normal.

Our data suggest Gen Z and millennials will continue to move at high rates in 2021, however, millennials should actually edge out their younger peers: Among millennials, 20% say they’ll move in the next 12 months, compared to 16% of Gen Zers. Meanwhile, only 10% of Gen Xers and 7% of baby boomers say they’re likely to move out of their cities or counties.

Why would millennials (born 1981 to 1996) uproot at such a high clip in 2021? One theory: Elder millennials are quickly approaching their 30s and 40s, and they could be using this pandemic as motivation to settle down, whether near family or in the suburbs for space. Unlike their younger Gen Z counterparts, millennials might have simply needed more time—perhaps to find a new school or jobs for both spouses—before making the big move.

*Methodology: The Fortune-SurveyMonkey poll was conducted among a national sample of 2,098 adults in the U.S. between November 9 and 10. This survey’s modeled error estimate is plus or minus 3 percentage points. The findings have been weighted for age, race, sex, education, and geography.

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